Leadership People to Admire Essay Example

Leadership: People to Admire Paper Defined by many, attained by few, leadership is an integral part of any organization. The public sector has many of these heroes, who exhibit qualities defined as effective leadership. The many military leaders of the United States have helped define what Americans see as leadership. Colin Powell and George C. Marshall are two such leaders who have coined ideas and demonstrated what it takes to be a leader. Leaders possess the consistent ability to influence people, to motivate them to sense a common purpose and to fulfill the functions necessary for group action. People who lead have power over others. There are five major bases of power: (1) expert power, embodying knowledge and power; (2) referent power, which is admiration and having others strive for that leaders support; (3) reward power, which is based on the leaders knack to decide rewards for the follower; (4) legitimate power, arising from a status within the institute; (5) coercive power, which is based on the followers fear that not fulfilling the leaders wishes will lead to reprimand. There is subsequent research that expert and referent power are more likely to encourage subordinate performance and satisfaction(Shafritz and Russell 328-9). While French and Raven can define types of power, what traits transcribe the people that wield the power? Good leaders are effective communicators, empathetic, energetic; possess sound-judgment, consistent, and autonomous. These characteristics, along with ways that one leads, can show how people become effective leaders. Democratic leaders who excise their leadership position to the level of working with people such as Secretary of State Colin Powell brings fourth an idea of servant leadership. Born in Harlem in 1937, Colin Powell is the son of Jamaican immigrants. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: People to Admire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: People to Admire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: People to Admire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Growing up in a rough area, Powell was educated in the public school system and went on to City College of New York. He spent his formative years in a scene that is not essentially favorable to developing leadership skills in a community environment. To endure and prosper, Powell had to institute goals and set a vision for himself that transcended his environment-while not ignoring its veiled benefits. Powells early focus was the beginning of a remarkable leadership career that continues to benefit all Americans today. After completing the schools ROTC program and graduating from CCNY in 1958, Colin Powell was commissioned an Army second lieutenant. When he retired from the military 35 years later, he had held diverse leadership positions and had risen to the rank of 4-star General, eventually becoming the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest position in the Defense Department (Holberton). Colin Powell stands out from his peers as being one of the few individuals who can traverse political party lines and lead various individuals and organizations. Why is Colin Powell a good leader? Maybe it is his gifted ability to speak. Perhaps it is his straightforward, charismatic approach. More than likely, it is both these traits and his personal core values that resonate with so many of us (Holberton). Powells intellect, endurance and devoted practice of taking accountability for his actions make him a good leader. Colin Powell has always been true to his values and to the higher order of his mission. His focus as a military officer was winning battles and wars and supporting the agenda of the United States. Because he was able to work successfully with many individuals, regardless of their policy, he became a trusted advisor to many in both political parties. This well-merited respect has aided him in attaining his present position as Secretary of State, in which he helps shape policy rather than simply following it. Preserving Dodona Manor [Marshalls home] as a memorial to this outstanding soldier and statesman will preserve General Marshalls legacy for generations to come. Colin Powell had this to say about one of his predecessors, George C. Marshall. Perhaps General Marshalls most prominent trait as a leader was inspirational motivation. He had a vision and encouraged others to follow. Marshalls father owned a flourishing coal company in Pennsylvania, but the boy, choosing to become a soldier, enrolled at the Virginia Military Institute from which he graduated in 1901 as senior first captain of the Corps of Cadets. After serving in posts in the Philippines and the United States, Marshall graduated with honors from the Infantry-Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth in 1907 and from the Army Staff College in 1908. The young officer distinguished himself in a variety of posts in the coming years, earning an appointment to the General Staff in World War I and acting as aide-de-camp to General Pershing, and holding many high ranking positions in and around the military. In July 1938, Marshall accepted a position with the General Staff in Washington, D. C. , and in September 1939, President Roosevelt named Marshall chief of staff, with the rank of general. He became General of the Army in 1944, the year in which Congress created the five-star rank (Haberman). In his position as chief of staff, Marshall urged military readiness previous to the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and later became accountable for the building, supplying, and, in part, the deploying of over eight million soldiers. From 1941, he was a member of the policy commission that oversaw the atomic studies engaged in by American and British scientists. With the war over, Marshall resigned in November 1945 (Haberman). Marshall did not resign from public service; when his military service ended, he took up a diplomatic livelihood. During his diplomatic career, he participated in many conferences, one being the conference on the Atlantic Charter. In late 1945 and in 1946, he represented President Truman on a special mission to a China torn by civil war; in January 1947, he accepted the Cabinet position of secretary of state, holding it for two years. In the spring of 1947, he outlined his most famous accomplishment in a speech at Harvard University the plan of economic aid which history has named the Marshall Plan (Haberman). The Marshall Plan was his personal effort to extend the helping hand to restore a then distraught Europe, which led to the $16. 2 billion Economic Recovery Program. His plan changed the course of history for humankind. It was the first time in history that the conquerors rebuilt the defeated. The Marshall Plan became the basis for the current alliance of the European Union (Kingsbury-Smith Keesee). For one year during the Korean War, General Marshall was secretary of defense, a civilian post in the U. S. Cabinet. Having resigned from this post in September 1951, he retired from public service. Soldier, Citizen and Statesman Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his grand humanitarian efforts and numerous contributions to world peace and understanding (Haberman). In war he was as wise and understanding in counsel as he was resolute in action. In peace, he was the architect who planned the restoration of our battered European economy and, at the same time labored tirelessly to established a system of Western defense. He has always fought victoriously against defeatism, discouragement, and disillusion. Succeeding generations must not be allowed to forget his achievements and his example. Sir Winston Churchill [On Marshall and his Leadership] With these two leaders in mind, with their different traits attributing to their leadership, one could see there are many qualities that make a leader. Marshalls vision exhibiting transformational leadership and Powells charisma that embodies a transactional approach are only two of many such qualities that define a leader. Leaders are everywhere in everyday life, these are only two prominent figures that exemplify what situational and other factors and characteristics that contribute to their ability to lead. Works Cited Holberton ,Phil. Profile of a Leader: Colin Powell. Speaking of Leadership(r). Vol. 2, No. 8. (April 9, 2002) 1 pp. On-line. Internet. October 10, 2004. Available FTP:http://www. holberton. com/index. html Kingsbury-Smith Keesee, Diana. George C. Marshall. Internet. October 10, 2004:n. pag. On-line. Available WWW: http://www. bnt. com/marshall/incenter. html.

Martin Luther and John Calvin in the Reformation essays

Martin Luther and John Calvin in the Reformation essays The Lutheran and Calvinist Reformations are very similar in principle. Martin Luther and John Calvin hold that not mere abuses of the Roman Catholic Church need correcting, but that the Catholic Church itself is wrong in principle. I will discuss the platforms from which religious revolutionaries Luther and Calvin stand in church reform as well as the tendency of women to agree with the reforms during 16th-century European religion. Luther's cause for reformation comes from the unnatural paranoia that he is eternally damned because he has problems convincing himself that his spirit is pure enough for heaven. His internal distress rages within him about the omnipotence of God, his own insignificant existence in comparison, and his apprehensiveness of the devil. His personal problems do not yield to the existing manners of assuring oneself that he is headed for heavens such as sacraments, alms, prayer attendance at Mass, and assorted "good works." Luther solves this problem, however, b y believing that good works are the consequence and external evidence of inner grace, but in no way the cause of this grace. He feels that if one has faith in themselves, the religion, and God, then good works will manifest themselves because of it. This is Luther's doctrine of justification by faith. John Calvin's religiousness is a result of acquiring a fresh insight into the meaning of Christianity, also known as a conversion experience, whereby he joined forces with the religious revolutionaries of whom the best known was then Luther. His book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, appeals to human reason itself in that if one is dissatisfied with the Roman church, they can find an idea that would most appropriately fit their beliefs or the situation they are in. Placing much of the textual emphasis on the concept of predestination, Hans J. Hillerbrand says about the Institutes, "Calvin believed that it was a biblical doctrine and he went to consider...

Who is the Victim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who is the Victim - Essay Example Psychological theories of violent behavior tend to be an assortment of theories affiliated to the discipline of psychology that analyze the individual and social aspects of a person’s psychology to explain any predilection towards violence. For instance, psychoanalytic theory of violent behavior takes into consideration varied intrapsychic processes associated with a person like unconscious conflicts, sexuality, defenses, anger and tendencies to account for and explain any violent behavior (Adler & Denmark, 1995). Behavioral theory revolves around the prominent learning processes in the life of a person like past experiences, rewards and punishments and stimulus to sought out a valid explanation for engaging in violent behavior (Adler & Denmark, 1995). In addition, psychological theories also tend to delve over varied other factors like important personality processes like antisocial predilections, lack of emotional depth, sociopath or psychopath temperament, and the accompany ing intellectual processes like a low IQ, poor decision making abilities and poor school performance to arrive at any conclusive explanation for a violent behavior (Adler & Denmark, 1995). In contrast, biochemical theories of violent behavior take an entirely different approach towards explaining a violent temperament. The crux of the biochemical theories of violent behavior is that people are moved to violence owing to varied biochemical disturbances and imbalances in their body which influence their brains and move them to engage in violence (Raine, 1993). Some biochemical theories suggest that the abundance of male sex hormone testosterone is directly linked to violent and aggressive behavior (Raine, 1993). Some other biochemical theories of violent behavior hold that there exist many biochemical precursors of violent behavior like nutritional deficiencies, environmental contaminators and poor eating habits (Raine, 1993). In a practical and

Letter research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter research - Essay Example You may believe that my letter is a pamphlet against the war in Iraq. Mr. President, it is not as I believe the issues are much more complicated than that. I firmly consider that the will to install democracy in a country where tyranny and injustice were the fundamentals of everyday life is a noble cause. Noble not only in the fact of freeing the Iraqi people, but also as we are the World leader, to show the rest of the world that we are responsible and conscious of the issues and problems of the other countries and that we are ready to take action in order to defend the weakest at international level. At any level, one can only help another if the latter is willing to accept this help. Unfortunately, it is not the case in Iraq. We have to admit, however frustrating and deceitful it may be, that we are no longer welcome in Iraq. Our history shows a great record of rescues but we are not in Paris in 1944, where all French people were crying of joy when they see our tanks driving through the Champs-Elyses. The other aspect we have to acknowledge is the astronomic cost of the war in Iraq. To this day, we have spent over $280 billions in war effort. This brings me to the second subject of my letter: the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 1997, the American Senate unanimously rejected to ratify the treaty. Mr.

Business requirements for Matrix Data Corporation Essay

Business requirements for Matrix Data Corporation - Essay Example 1.2 Background including current process The Matrix Data Corporation in Owings Mills, Maryland is a company that collects data and analyses web-based data for large clients using Web analytics software. They have decided to add a new data repository system to enhance the sales allowing the company to grow by 20% each year. In order to support the volume expected the IT’s role will be to upgrade the current data warehouse system from a ten (10) terabyte data warehouse to 60 terabyte allowing Matrix Data Corporation to collectdata beyond the standard relational databasesystems. This project goal is to provide guidance on the implementation process and how the changes will administered. The project is scheduled to begin on November 21, 2012 and the expected end date is December 23, 2012. The project will also identify what is needed to make the change and to accomplish these changes without interfering with current business production. 1.3 Scope 1.3.1 Scope of Project The scope o f the will identify the procedures used to coordinate the project and the users, and stakeholders to ensure the needs are met. Applications –Will be implemented in phase 1 by November 15, 2012. Database – The application will use a MSSQL (SQL Server) database System Hardware –Data repository system is required. Matrix Corp. ... Process Re-engineering will highlight four phases; 1) Initiation – Aimed at identifying and understanding the purpose 2) Analysis – An in depth analysis of the process tasks and process 3) Reengineering – Discuss and design features needed 4) Implementation and evaluation – Address stakeholders issues and concerns   (Carr and Johansson, 1995). Customization - customization can be applied throughout the different layers of the new project delivery process, from the network diagram level to the scope of work associated with specific activities. The SDLC methodology will be used to implement changes. Interfaces – Agile methods will be integratedto provide delivery engines (Griffith 1994) and new system hardware to be set up and will be implemented using the SDLC methodology. Architecture – The application and technical architecture is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the stru cture of the system which comprises system components. Conversion –AdWords Conversion Tracking will begin importing the data from the Analytics account,   Testing – Testing will include testing on volume and capacity, and performance. Funding –Project funding is limited to $25,000.00 Training - Training will be held every Monday in conference room C, for 1 hour. e provided weekly Education – will include an in depth overview of the process and slides will be provided. 1.3.2 Constraints and Assumptions The following constraints have been identified: Restricted and limit project execution, budget limit of $10,000.00. The following assumptions have been made in defining the scope, objectives and approach: Need

Barriers To Learning Encountered Children With Down Syndrome Psychology Essay

Barriers To Learning Encountered Children With Down Syndrome Psychology Essay Causes and Risks of Downs Syndrome. Initially, I would like to mention what is Down syndrome (DS). Down syndrome, also referred to as Trisomy 21, is a situation in which additional genetic material played a significant role in the way a child matures, both physically and intellectually. It is a genetic disease that affects approximately one in every 1,000 babies. Each person has 46 chromosomes, which are divided into 23 pairs. Each mans sperm has 23 chromosomes and each womans egg is the same, so that when the arrest takes place and the sperm fertilizes the egg, shaped a young man with a full complement of chromosomes. Sometimes mistakes are made and caused chromosomal abnormalities. Down syndrome is one of them. A child born with Downs syndrome has an extra chromosome in every cell in his body. So far, we do not know what causes the presence of an extra chromosome. It can come from either the mother or the father. It is significant to remember though that faults in chromosome distribution are not rare. However, there is a specific link with older mothers. Most babies with Down syndrome are born to women under the age of 35, simply because as a woman reaches the latter years of her reproductive life, the probability of a fault in chromosome distribution rises progressively. What we do know is that nobody should be blamed. A child with Down syndrome is likely to be born in any family, almost with the same rate in any population. It can happen to everyone. Although Down syndrome cant be averted, it can be discerned before a child is born. For those parents who have a proportionately high recurrence risk for Downs syndrome, future pregnancies can be monitored by chromosome studies on fetal amniotic cells, with early termination of the pregnancy when the fetus is destined to have Downs syndrome. The health difficulties that can go together with DS can be dealt with, and there are many resources within communities to help kids and their families who are living with the situation. At this point, I should mention that the syndrome was first noted by British physician John Langdon Down (hence the name), where in 1866, he noticed that many people having no connection with each other, located in different institutions, had similar physical characteristics.  It was not until 1959, however, that an additional chromosome was recognized as the cause. Types of Syndrome Down There are three major types of the Down syndrome. The child is likely to have Trisomy 21, i.e. the presence of additional genetic material on the 21st pair of chromosomes (three 21 chromosomes instead of two). About 95 percent of people who have Down syndrome have Trisomy 21. The remaining 5% of the population composed of two other types: The removable type, due to partial or total binding on chromosome 21 with another chromosome, which, in fact, is the extra chromosome pair 21. This type creates important implications for subsequent births and its consequences should be investigated by a specialist geneticist. The mosaic type, the people of this type have cells that  other  have three chromosomes 21 and other normally  two. The ratio of prevalence of these two cell types is random. It is the most rare type of syndrome Down. Moreover, there are  slight external features of the syndrome, the children have fewer health problems and also slight mental retardation. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a variety of physical and mental problems, which result  to  slow development in all aspects. We cannot always predict with assurance the degree of cognitive and behavioral development of children with DS, since this depends on the education, the family environment, the accompanying problems and also the attitudes of society in which the child lives . However, we can assure that within the appropriate school context, which in most cases should be the mainstream school, and with appropriate supportive assistance, 80-% of children can be trained successfully on social skills and acquire basic school knowledge. It is important before we deal with the education of a person with DS to know the particularities of learning and to take into account both the selection of learning objects and the teaching method we are going to use (Polychronopoulos, 2001). Like in all the other children  we also find large individual differences in the physical, mental and psychological characteristics in DS people. However,there are many features that affect their education and need to know who deal with it. Another difficulty the people with Down Syndrome confront is the auditory memory, which is the ability to listen, to process and understand the sounds, thus distinguishing the stimuli. The lack of auditory memory makes worse the processing of auditory information and makes it almost impossible to acquire fundamental knowledge grammar and syntax. Fortunately, the long-term memory, which allows us to withdraw persons, events and processes of the past, works well. It has also been found that in contrast to the auditory memory, the visual memory is more effective, a significant element which should be considered when deciding how to present information to these students (Sue Buckley and Angela Byrne, 1994 ). The skills of children with Down syndrome in arithmetic  are not yet sufficiently investigated, we know that in this area the children with Down syndrome encounter the most difficulties. The delayed and deficient language development is one of the reasons for this difficulty. Language is an indispensable tool for thinking,comparison and manipulation of objects and activities and also is a link to the numerical system. So people are finding difficult to perform such cognitive functions and to follow the instructions and explanations of the teacher. The limited short-term memory is another important reason for difficulties encountered by children with Down Syndrome. To be able to perform additional activities such as add, subtract or multiply numbers with our minds, we must be able to maintain information briefly in our short memory. That is why people with Down  confront many difficulties  to make calculations, unless they have ahead of them, specifically things. These children are stuck at the stage of concrete thinking and are unable to move to the abstract-symbolic thinking.

Looking at Eyewitness TEstimony :: essays research papers

Assignment #2 Article #17 Looking Askance at Eyewitness Testimony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of eyewitnesses has been a constant in of criminal justice system since its very beginning. Unfortunately, people do not make the best witnesses to a crime. The person may not have seen the actual criminal, but someone that looks similar to them. The witness may lie about what he or she may have scene. Also the witness can be influenced by the police as to who or what they saw at the time of the crime. The witness or victims memory of the person may have faded so that they don’t remember exactly what had seen, which could be disastrous for the accused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With all these possible flaws in the testimony of witnesses and victims why do they continue to use them as primary evidence in criminal cases? The answer is simple; until recently there was no other way to prove whether or not a person was actually at the scene of a crime unless someone saw them or they left some finger prints behind that the police were able to link back to someone, which may have not been left on the victim but in the general vicinity. Until recently, with the recent breakthrough in DNA testing which allows police and investigators to gain an exact match as to who committed the crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I personally feel that this is a much more reliable and accurate than relying on the testimony of witnesses. I believe through the use of science we as a society can now make sure that the guilty are caught and punished while the innocent are protected from wrongful prosecution. However the eyewitness should not be completely left out of the case against the possible offender. After it is determined through scientific evidence, in this case DNA, that the physically involved in the crime then witnesses can be brought in to give testimony that the offender was present at the crime scene or the victim can be sure that the accused was truly the one involved in the actual crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also the procedures for recording eyewitnesses testimony have to be revised.

Kalma Chowk Underpass

Punjab Chief Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif inaugurated the largest Kalma Chowk underpass of the history of the country. Addressing the ceremony held on the occasion, the Chief Minister said that completion of the largest underpass in a record period of 82 days is a great achievement which was possible due to the collective efforts of the entire team working on the project. He congratulated the concerned departments, members assembly, contractors and labourers who worked on the project. The Chief Minister said that the underpass consisting of seven lanes has been completed at a cost of Rs. billion in a record period of 82 days. He gave away cheque for Rs. 25 lakh to the labourers who worked on the project. Shahbaz Sharif said that transparency, quality and speedy completion of development projects, is the hallmark of Punjab government. He said that modern infrastructure is essential for rapid development. The Chief Minister said that Punjab government has spent millions of rupees on the improvement of infrastructure throughout the province and a network of roads, bridges and underpasses has been laid due to which economic and trade activities have increased in the province. Director General LDA while giving briefing about the Kalma Chowk underpass, informed that this project has been completed by working round the clock and one lakh sixty thousand vehicles will pass through this underpass daily. Later, the Chief Minister inaugurated underpass and passed through it. Earlier, the Chief Minister inaugurated the Peco Road Ramp constructed alongside Lahore Bridge by unveiling plaque and offered Dua. Members Assembly Naseer Bhutta, Ramzan Siddique Bhatti, DG LDA, DCO Lahore, officials of NLC and a large number of people were present on the occasion. Talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif said that facility has been provided to the residents of Kot Lakhpat and other adjoining localities due to construction of ramp. Dost Muhammad Khosa calls on Shahbaz Sharif, expresses his complete confidence in party leadership: Former Chief Minister Punjab, Dost Muhammad Khosa called on Punjab Chief Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif at Raiwind today. Senior Advisor Senator Sirdar Zulfiqar Ali Khan Khosa and Member Provincial Assembly Sirdar Hassamuddin Khosa were also present on the occasion. Dost Muhammad Khosa while expressing his complete confidence in the leadership of President PML-N Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Chief Minister Punjab Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif, reiterated that he will continue to work as a party worker and make efforts for further strengthening the party in the area. Talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif said that workers are precious asset of the party and they are like children in the eyes of party heads.

Italian Nationalism essays

Italian Nationalism essays Nationalism is the love of ones country rather than the love of ones native region and the belief that ones country is superior to that of anyone elses. Italian nationalism became a strong force in the early 1800s when writers and thinkers became intent on reviving interest in Italys traditions. From nationalism spawned a desire for unification therefore, specific movements were founded allowing people to express these goals of liberation. Three very influential men were present in Italy during the 19th century who played crucial parts in unifying Italy as they helped to spread nationalistic ideas throughout the country. These men were Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. A number of rebellions, revolts and wars broke out during this time, which united the people of Italy under similar feelings of patriotism as they were all set on fighting for their country. All of these elements helped to bring about the unification of Italy. In this essay I will explain how Italy was finally unified in the late 1800s and how nationalism influenced the people of Italy and played an important part on the road to Italian unification Three very important men of the 19th century greatly impacted Italian history. One of them, Giuseppe Mazzini was born in 1805 and devoted his entire life to his goals of Italian unification. During the early 1800s, a nationalistic movement known as the Risorgimento, the Italian word for revival was founded. Because nationalists were not permitted to express their ideas openly, they formed several secret societies. One of these groups was the Carbonari, which Mazzini was a member of. In 1831, he rallied Italian nationalists through an organization dedicated to uniting Italy. He called this movement Young Italy and described it as a brotherhood of Italians who believed in Progress and Duty. In 1848, he led groups ...

Career Passports and Career Portfolios Essay Essay Example

Career Passports and Career Portfolios Essay Essay Example Career Passports and Career Portfolios Essay Essay Career Passports and Career Portfolios Essay Essay Portfolios have long been used in some professions to showcase professional work and accomplishment. In instruction. portfolios have besides been used for appraisal. including self-assessment ( Lankes 1995 ; Pond et al. 1998 ) . Both calling portfolios and calling passports reflect this double focus- students assess themselves in the procedure of developing a merchandise. and the resulting merchandise show windows and paperss their experiences and accomplishments. A differentiation is sometimes drawn between a portfolio as developmental and a passport as summational ( Bridging the Gap 1993 ) . With portfolios. more accent is put on the developmental procedure of self-assessment. planning. and goal-setting ; with passports. more accent is put on the concluding merchandise that sums up the consequences of the procedure and communicates them to others. In pattern. nevertheless. both passports and portfolios represent a combination of developmental procedure and summational merchandise. The value of the passport or portfolio is besides double: pupils come to an consciousness of their ain accomplishments and experience. and employers have richer. more elaborate information for engaging determinations than is provided in transcripts and sheepskin. Equally early as the mid-1980s. Charner and Bhaerman ( 1986 ) advocated a Career Passport as a manner for secondary pupils to place and document their work and nonwork experiences and to interpret those experiences into statements of accomplishments specifically related to work. The procedure was necessary for pupils to understand what they had to offer to employers ; the ensuing Career Passport provided employers with critical information to supplement the information in school transcripts or even sketchs. The Ohio Individual Career Plan ( ICP ) and Career Passport. The Ohio Career Passport is the finishing touch of students’ calling decision-making procedure. begun before the 9th class ( Gahris n. d. The planning and determination devising involved in the ICP procedure lead to each student’s Career Passport. an single certificate lodging an array of formal paperss that pupils use in the following measure after high school. Components include a missive of confirmation from the school ; a student-developed sketch ; a pupil narrative placing calling ends and implicit in principle ; a transcript ( including attending ) ; sheepskin. certifications. licences. or other certificates ; and a list of any specific vocational plan competences. The provin ce recommends lodging those constituents in a consistent. easy recognizable booklet. Students develop ICPs through calling involvement and aptitude appraisal. geographic expedition experiences. sooner through occupation tailing. and one-year reappraisal and alteration in high school. The ICP and Career Passport can be developed in any statewide course of study country but most frequently this occurs in English or societal surveies. with aid from the computing machine teacher and counsel counsellor. Classroom support stuffs include simple. center. and high school Career Development Blueprints and sample activity packages ( Classroom Support Materials n. d. ) . All Ohio schools are required to supply pupils the chance to finish the ICP and Career Passport in a structured schoolroom scene and local school boards may do the Career Passport a graduation demand for their territory. although parents may take non to hold their kid involved. The South Dakota Career and Life Planning Portfolio. The Career and Life Planning Portfolio is a aggregation of work that paperss a student’s accomplishments. abilities. and aspirations ( Division of Workforce and Career Preparation 1999 ; â€Å"DWCP Wins National Award† 2000 ) . Normally organized in a standard jacket with color-coded booklets. certification can include both illustrations of work and information on calling and instruction planning. accomplishments employers want. projects/work samples. and assessment consequences. The Portfolio. which is non required. can be used for a assortment of educational intents. but its ultimate usage is to house the undertakings and work samples that demonstrate to a prospective employer that the pupil has the accomplishments and endowments the employer needs. Based on a theoretical account developed by the Sioux Falls School District and tested at 25 province high schools. the Portfolio is accompanied by course of study stuffs. activities. and resources for instructors. Career Certificates The Wisconsin Employability Skills Certificate. The Employability Skills Certificate Program is designed for pupils who do non take part in the Cooperative Education Skills Certificate Program and the Youth Apprenticeship Program ( Lifework Education Team 2000 ) . The Employability Skills Certificate. issued by the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. recognizes students’ command of the employability accomplishments identified by the U. S. Department of Labor’s Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills ( SCANS ) . To take part in the voluntary plan. local territories must supply three needed constituents: Direction and appraisal of SCANS skills- Instruction can be provided in any curriculum country. and presentation and appraisal can happen either in the school or in the community. School-supervised work-based acquisition experience- Considerable flexibleness is allowed for local territories in supplying work-based learning experiences. which can include bing concerted instruction. work experience. internships. or service acquisition plans. A lower limit of 180 entire work hours is required ; occupation-related direction is non required. Career planning- Working with parents and school forces. each pupil develops a written Individual Career Plan ( ICP ) to do appropriate calling. educational. and occupational picks. The ICP identifies tentative calling ends and concrete. specific stairss after high school to recognize those ends ; schools manage the ICP procedure and supply nonsubjective informations both for original development and periodic reevaluation. The Connecticut Career Certificate ( CCC ) . Part of the go oning School-to-Career ( STC ) system. the CCC verifies that a pupil has mastered a set of employability. academic. and proficient accomplishments identified in a partnership between the province Departments of Labor. Education. and Higher Education and the Connecticut Business and Industry Association ( Connecticut Department of Labor 2001 ; Stickney and Alamprese 2001 ) . The CCC is awarded by state-approved local territories to pupils who achieve all needed competences in one of eight calling bunchs. Academic criterions ( reading. composing. communicating accomplishments. math. scientific discipline. and computing machine cognition ) are based on state-determined degrees of public presentation on one of four appraisals: Connecticut Mastery Test. administered to all 8th-grade pupils ; the Connecticut Academic Performance Test. administered to all 10th-grade pupils ; the voluntary Scholastic Assessment Test ; or the voluntary Comprehensive Adult Students Assessment System. Level C or D. Employability criterions ( attitudes and properties. client service. teamwork. and adaptability ) . which are integrated curriculum models for all eight calling bunchs. are correlated with SCANS accomplishments. Both academic and employability criterions are common across all eight calling bunchs. whereas proficient accomplishments and criterions vary by bunch. The figure of CCCs awarded has increased from 101 statewide in 1997-98 to 569 in 2000-01. More significant per centums of high school pupils participated in STC calling development activities- for illustration. 72 per centum in calling guidance and 50 per centum each in calling involvement studies and portfolio development. The Oregon Certificates of Mastery. By the school twelvemonth 2004-05. all Oregon high schools will be required to offer the Certificate of Advanced Mastery ( CAM ) . Designed to fix pupils for success in their following stairss after high school. the CAM paperss each student’s academic and career-related cognition and accomplishments ( Oregon Department of Education 2001 ) . In the 2001 CAM theoretical account. academic accomplishments include province public presentation criterions in English ( reading. speech production. and composing ) math. scientific discipline. and societal scientific discipline ; these are four of the seven criterions required for the state’s Certificate of Initial Mastery ( CIM ) . which besides include art. 2nd linguistic communication. and physical instruction. CAM campaigners can run into the four required CIM public presentation criterions either through CIM cognition and accomplishment trials or through CIM work samples. The six career-related larning standards- †fundamental accomplishments indispensable for success in employment. college. household and community life† ( p. 2 ) - include personal direction. job work outing. communicating. teamwork. employment foundations. and calling development. To gain a CAM. each pupil must develop. reappraisal. and update an instruction program for following stairss after high school ; develop an instruction profile to document advancement and accomplishment ; meet public presentation criterions for using academic and career-related cognition and accomplishments in new and complex state of affairss ; show career-related cognition and accomplishments ; take part in planned career-related acquisition experiences ; and fulfill the four CIM criterions. Students can choose specific countries of their instruction profile to papers and communicate specific cognition and accomplishments to specific audiences. such as employers. and supplement that with a record of personal achievements. experiences. and accomplishments. Other illustrations could be added to those presented here. Oklahoma’s 2001 Career Activity File: Career Portfolios K-12 ( 2001 ) . Arizona’s Career Pathways: An Execution and Resource Guide ( 1997 ) . and Michigan’s proposed Content Standards and Working Draft Benchmarks for Career and Employability Skills ( Using Employability Skills 1998 ) all address the same demand for pupils to pass on cognition and accomplishments non captured good by traditional sheepskin and transcripts. Whether an empty construction to make full or a carefully defined certificate to gain. calling passports. portfolios. and certifications provide a new agencies for pupils to document the whole scope of cognition and skills- employability. academic. or technical- they have to offer to employers. Effective patterns in developing and utilizing calling portfolios and passports involve specifying the functions of different histrions. turn toing issues of portfolio or passport design. and easing students’ developmental procedure ( Wonacott 2001 ) . Issues related to career passports. portfolios. and certifications that have non yet been addressed include pupil results and success ( e. g. . employment. get downing salary ) . plan coordination and cooperation across provinces. and the possible development of a national theoretical account.

Accounting and financial management 4 Topics Assignment

Accounting and financial management 4 Topics - Assignment Example Financial distress is a state whereby a company is not able to meet the agreements it had with its creditors it normally results to a company being termed as bankrupt. Cost associated with financial distress are normally termed as costs of financial distress. Some of the costs of financial distress are classified into direct and indirect. Direct cost include; legal fees, auditors fees, management fees. Some of the indirect costs involved are, loss of goodwill, loss of trust by creditors, loss of customers. Method 2: the second method is used only when the risk imposed on a company remains the same as a result of its capital structure, the company is ready to incur as much debt as possible. The main aim of this method is to identify the level of debt at which the advantages of increased debt are not outweighed by the increase in risk that are financially distressed company is subjected to. It is also known as the intuitive view. The theory indicates that a firm should have as ideal level of gearing at which its WACC is minimized. Nevertheless this theory does not indicate where the ideal level is and this leaves trial and error as the sole method of finding it. When gearing levels are low shareholders regard risk increases as marginal. This results to cheapness of debt issues and this causes WACC to be lower. When gearing ratios are higher the volatility of shareholders returns increase. Dominance in cheapness of extra debt results in WACC increasing as the levels of gearing increases. In the case when the levels of gearing have escalated abnormally both equity and debt holders face a risk of bankruptcy as a result the cost of equity and the cost of debt rise with increased gearing and this therefore causes WACC to rise further They disregarded the capital structure which was irrelevant in determining the cost of capital. They argued that a firm have no optimal value and its value is determined by the business risk it

Software Systems Choices - Amazon.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Systems Choices - Amazon.com - Essay Example In the beginning, amazon.com was just an online book store. However, as time went by, it grew to be more than that. Today, it has diversified its markets and now sells DVD’s; MP3 downloads, CDs, video games, software, electronics, food, furniture, apparel, and toys. In the countries where it operates in, it also offers shipping; internationally, for selected products it sells. This has really made it popular in so many quarters of its customer base. Bezos founded the online retailer back in 1995, motivated by what he has always referred to as ‘regret minimization framework’. This was his way of saying that he felt regret for not taking part in online business at a time when the internet was growing at an annual rate of 2300 percent. His idea of an online book store really picked up quickly because it had great potential to grow. There was no limit to its size because it depended on nothing but the internet and online servers. No physical stores or warehouse were r equired to store the books. When starting Amazon.com, Bezos wanted to build a phenomenon that was unique in style and in the way it was operating and in its name as well. He settled for the name ‘Amazon’ because it starts with ‘A’ and ends with ‘Z’ to signify that customers would find anything and everything they ever wanted in terms of books. In addition to this, the logo for the retailer forms some kind of a smile to show that customers can always get satisfied with the products and services the store provides. The name ‘Amazon’ was also used to signify the size of the company, or at least what he projected his startup would grow into; a very large company. He borrowed the name from the largest river in the world, the Amazon River that flows across borders, and is exotic and different from the other rivers. Amazon.com has a mission of changing how people buy books using the internet into an experience that is easy, fast, and most of all enjoyable to all its customers. Bezos incorporated his company in 1994 in Washington State. The store started its services in July of 1995; that is when it sold its first book. By the end of the year 1996, the online retailer had grown so tremendously to become one of the most successful and most formidable web retailers. By then, its revenues clocked $15.6 million. In the shortest time possible, Amazon grew to become the most successful online retailer for books in this wide world of ours. Presently, it no longer sells books alone. The bulk of its products have grown into 34 other categories. Anything you want online is available for sale via the web retailer. Every year since its launch, amazon has continued to expand its customer base. With the increasing number in customers and clients world-wide, revenues have rising as well. By the year 2000, revenue had climbed up from $15.6 million in the year 1996, to $2.76 billion at the turn of the year 2000. Over 29 million peopl e in 160 countries are buying items listed on Amazon.com. This makes it the leading retailer on the World Wide Web by a margin that other retailers cannot match. Amazon’s growth can be attributed to so many reasons, among them convenience in shopping. Over the years, Amazon has acquired about 11 other companies in its bid to expand into newer markets. This number is as of late 2011. Other processes that have led to